Data Release Description

Contents of DR10

Data Release 10 (DR10) is the tenth public data release of the Legacy Surveys. The dedicated observations that comprised DECaLS, BASS and MzLS are now complete. In DR10, we focus, instead, on incorporating new imaging from DECam into the "southern" (Declination \(\leq\) 32.375°) Legacy Surveys footprint; continuing to extend the footprint while also providing a consistent inference model of imaging over much of the sky. Notably, DR10 of the Legacy Surveys provides \(i\hbox{-}\mathrm{band}\) observations for the first time. Imaging from the Legacy Surveys is reduced through the NOIRLab Community Pipeline before being processed using the Legacypipe pipeline. DR10 also includes WISE fluxes from all imaging through year 7 of NEOWISE-Reactivation force-photometered in the unWISE maps at the locations of Legacy Surveys optical sources.

DR10 includes images from DECaLS \(g,r,z\)-band observations (survey program 2014B-0404) observed between 9th August 2014 and 7th March 2019. DR10 also includes \(g,r,i,z\)-band DECam observations from a range of non-DECaLS surveys, including observations that were conducted between 8th January 2013 and 30th August 2021. The bulk of these additional DECam observations are from the Dark Energy Survey (including the full six years of the survey); the DELVE Survey, and the DeROSITA Survey. Information on the exact observations included in DR10 can be derived from the Legacy Surveys survey-ccds-* files. To obtain northern observations from BASS and MzLS, see DR9 of the Legacy Surveys.

The table below indicates the area covered in DR10 for different numbers of passes and in different filters. These estimates are derived from the geometry of the CCDs that contribute to the Legacy Surveys footprint, using the random catalogs at a density of 50,000 deg^-2.

Past data releases have strictly defined the northern and southern portions of the Legacy Surveys to prevent double-counting of area in regions covered by multiple surveys. Typically, the Legacy Surveys has defined locations at Dec \(\geq\) 32.375° and that are north of the Galactic Plane as "northern" for BASS/MzLS imaging and locations at Dec < 32.375° or that are south of the Galactic Plane as "southern" for DECam imaging. Under this stricter definition of what constitues "southern" area, DR10 covers:

DR10 includes a variety of pixel-level and catalog-level products, which are described in more detail on the files page. The size of the DR10 data distribution is:

*Note that although the contents of a directory should be fixed for each Data Release, the size of a directory can change. This is typically due to updated file compression. So, the listed directory sizes should be viewed as (very reasonable) estimates.

For all of the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys, coadded images and Tractor catalogs are presented in "bricks" of approximate size 0.25° × 0.25°. Each brick is defined in terms of a box in RA,Dec coordinates. The image stacks use a simple tangent-plane (WCS TAN) projection around the brick center. The projections for the \(g,r,i,z\) filters are identical, with a pixel scale of 0.262″/pix. The projections for the four WISE filters are also identical but with a pixel scale of 2.75″/pix. There are 662,174 bricks spread over the sky, meaning that each brick has an average area of 0.0623 deg². The brick images have some overlap.

There are approximately 2.8 billion unique sources in DR10 spread over 366,898 unique bricks.

Obtaining Images and Raw Data

Images for the Legacy Surveys can be viewed directly using the Sky viewer and raw data can be obtained through the NOIRLab portal (see also the information near the bottom of the files page). Note that the weight map images (the oow files) that can be retrieved either from the viewer or portal are in the same units as \(1/\mathtt{skyrms}^2\) in the survey-ccds-decam-dr10.fits.gz files.

Sections of the Legacy Surveys for DR10 can be obtained as JPEGs or FITS files using the cutout service, for example, as follows:

JPEG: https://www.legacysurvey.org/viewer/jpeg-cutout?ra=190.1086&dec=1.2005&layer=ls-dr10&pixscale=0.262

FITS: https://www.legacysurvey.org/viewer/fits-cutout?ra=190.1086&dec=1.2005&layer=ls-dr10&pixscale=0.262&bands=griz

This will merge the northern (MzLS+BASS) and southern (DECam) images at a line corresponding to Dec=32.375°.

DR10 includes images in the (\(i\)) band, so it uses a different color mapping for JPEG images in the DECam footprint. (The DR9-north footprint still uses the (\(g,r,z\)) color mapping.) To use only the (\(g,r,z\)) bands used in previous data releases for the DECam data, you can set layer=ls-dr10-grz.

To request images from only the northern or southern surveys, specify dr9-north or dr10-south, for example:

JPEG (DECaLS): https://www.legacysurvey.org/viewer/jpeg-cutout?ra=190.1086&dec=1.2005&layer=ls-dr10-south&pixscale=0.262

FITS (DECaLS): https://www.legacysurvey.org/viewer/fits-cutout?ra=190.1086&dec=1.2005&layer=ls-dr10-south&pixscale=0.262&bands=grz

JPEG (BASS/MzLS): https://www.legacysurvey.org/viewer/jpeg-cutout?ra=154.7709&dec=46.4537&layer=ls-dr9-north&pixscale=0.262

FITS (BASS/MzLS): https://www.legacysurvey.org/viewer/fits-cutout?ra=154.7709&dec=46.4537&layer=ls-dr9-north&pixscale=0.262&bands=grz

where "bands" is a string such as "\(griz\)","\(gz\)","\(g\)", etc.

Replacing layer=ls-dr10 (or, e.g., layer=ls-dr9-north) with layer=ls-dr10-model (layer=ls-dr9-north-model) or layer=ls-dr10-resid (layer=ls-dr9-north-resid) will instead return cutouts for the model and residual images, respectively.

The size of the image can also be specified using \(width\), \(height\) and \(size\), where \(size\) forces \(width\) and \(height\) to be equal. For example:

https://www.legacysurvey.org/viewer/jpeg-cutout?ra=190.1086&dec=1.2005&width=100&layer=ls-dr10&pixscale=0.262

https://www.legacysurvey.org/viewer/jpeg-cutout?ra=190.1086&dec=1.2005&height=100&layer=ls-dr10&pixscale=0.262

https://www.legacysurvey.org/viewer/jpeg-cutout?ra=190.1086&dec=1.2005&size=100&layer=ls-dr10&pixscale=0.262

It is possible to retrieve multiple cutouts from the command line using standard utilites such as wget.

The maximum size for cutouts (in number of pixels) is currently 512. Pixscale=0.262 will return (approximately) the native pixels used by the Tractor.

More examples are available on the list of URL/cutout patterns that are supported by the viewer.

Source Detection

The source detection uses a PSF- and SED-matched-filter detection on the stacked images, with a 6σ detection limit. The Tractor fitting step is initialized with these positions, although these positions can be changed during the fits and low-S/N sources can be removed.

For source detection, each image is convolved by its PSF model, then a weighted stack of these is created in order to optimize the point-source detection efficiency. Next, SED-matched combinations of the three bands are created, for two SEDs: "flat" (a source with AB color zero), and "red", a source with AB color \(g-r = 1\), \(r-z = 1\). Sources above 6σ are detected in each of these two SED-matched filters, as well as independently in each band.

The locations of the peak fluxes of extracted sources are used to determine where objects are photometered and how the initial parameters for an object are seeded. When a source is detected in multiple bands a choice of filter must be made to seed the initial extraction. Sources detected in other bands beyond the initial filter are only kept if they are sufficiently separated from an object that was extracted in previous bands. In DR4, DR3 and earlier data releases, source detection was run first in \(g\), then in \(r\), \(z\), "flat" and finally in "red". Starting with DR5, source detection was run first in \(z\), then in \(r\), \(g\), "flat" and finally in "red". \(z\) was chosen as the "primary" detection image to take advantage of the better PSF in that band. DR10 follows the convention of running source detection in the redder bands first, i.e. in the order \(z\), \(i\), \(r\), \(g\), "flat" and finally "red".

Starting with DR7 the criteria for deciding whether a flux peak is a distinct source were relaxed. The minimum possible distance between neighboring peaks was reduced from 6 pixels (about 1.5 arcseconds) to 4 pixels (about 1 arcsecond). In addition, the "saddle" depth (dip in flux) necessary to model neighboring peaks as distinct sources was reduced.

Starting with DR8, many different "foreground" objects are extracted as independent sources in a similar fashion to how Gaia stars were extracted in DR7. These include bright stars, medium-bright stars, globular clusters and SGA (Siena Galaxy Atlas) large galaxies (as detailed on the external catalogs page). The foreground objects consist of pre-defined geometrical masks (which are elliptical for galaxies) that are fixed at their expected positions in the Legacy Surveys images after accounting for proper motion and parallax in Gaia. The reasoning behind treating bright foreground sources as special cases is that many of them have large halos or include diffuse light that is not present in the Tractor model choices. This leads such sources to be typically best-fit by misleading (and computationally expensive) diffuse galaxy models.

Sources that lie inside the boundary of a foreground object have MASKBITS set (see the bitmasks page). Within the mask regions for bright stars (BRIGHT), globular clusters (CLUSTER) and SGA large galaxies (GALAXY), sources are forced to be TYPE=PSF (except for the SGA large galaxies themselves). Note that sources are not forced to be TYPE=PSF in the region of medium-bright stars (i.e. if MEDIUM is set but BRIGHT, CLUSTER, and GALAXY are not). Mask regions are ignored in the Tractor local-sky-fitting calibration code and are superseded by fits within the mask regions themselves. Within BRIGHT, MEDIUM and GALAXY mask regions (except for the SGA large galaxies themselves), a per-source background sky level is fit in the mask blob for each exposure.

Starting with DR9, objects that appear in the Gaia catalogs are always retained in the Tractor catalogs, even if they would normally be cut by the model-selection criteria used to detect sources. This is because Gaia sources are often so bright that they saturate in Legacy Surveys imaging. Since such "retained" Gaia sources have no model fits, their flux_g, flux_r, flux_i and flux_z values are estimated in the catalogs, using polynomial fits to Gaia-to-DECam color transformations for stars. Transformations to DECam are always used (i.e. even in areas of the Legacy Surveys footprint that are only covered by BASS and MzLS). The flux_ivar_[griz] values for these "retained" Gaia sources are set to zero.

PSF

The Tractor makes use of the PSF on each individual exposure. The PSF for the individual exposures are first computed independently for each CCD using PSFEx, generating spatially varying pixelized models. Note that it is possible that survey-* and *-annotated-* files could record information that is missing from other files in cases where PSFEx fails. This is expected behavior.

Starting with DR9, a modified, extended PSF model is used to subtract the extended wings of bright stars from DECam images.

The configuration files for SExtractor and PSFEx that were used for a given iteration of the Legacy Surveys legacypipe codebase are available on our GitHub page.

Sky Level

The Community Pipeline removes a sky level that includes a sky pattern, an illumination correction, and a single, scaled fringe pattern. These steps are described on the NOIRLab Community Pipeline page. These corrections are intended to make the sky level in the processed images near zero, and to remove most pattern artifacts. A constant sky level, that is the mean of what was removed, is then added back to the image.

Additionally, a spatially varying (spline) sky model is computed and removed, by detecting and masking sources, then computing medians in sliding 512-pixel boxes. The image stacks provided on the files page have this sky level removed. As noted under Source Detection, above, any regions (blobs) covered by foreground sources are specially treated.

Changes in the Community Pipeline after DR8 (in particular the switch to using star flats from the Dark Energy Survey instead of dark sky flats) created residual sky patterns in DECam images. These patterns are expected to exist in all optical bands with the \(z\hbox{-}\mathrm{band}\) having the worst residuals. So, starting with DR9, the Legacy Surveys corrects DECam images to account for these residual sky patterns.

In addition, starting with DR9, a new set of fringe templates was created for DECam \(z\hbox{-}\mathrm{band}\) images, with associated per-exposure fringe scale factors. These fringe templates and scale factors replace the fringe correction applied by the Community Pipeline for DECam imaging in the \(z\hbox{-}\mathrm{band}\).

Tractor Catalogs

The Tractor code runs within the geometrical region of a brick to produce catalogs of extracted sources. This fitting is performed on the individual exposures that overlap the brick, without making use of image stacks (such as the image stacks detailed on the files page). This preserves the full information content of the data set in the fits, handles masked pixels without the need for uncertain interpolation techniques, and fits to data points without the complication of pixel covariances.

Morphological Classification

The Tractor fitting can allow any of the source properties or image calibration parameters (such as the PSF) to float. Only the source properties were allowed to float in DR10. These are continuous properties for the object centers, fluxes, and the shape parameters.

There is also the discrete choice of which model type to use. In DR10, six morphological types are used. Five of these are used in the Tractor fitting procedure: point sources ("PSF"), round exponential galaxies with a variable radius ("REX"), deVaucouleurs ("DEV") profiles (elliptical galaxies), exponential ("EXP") profiles (spiral galaxies), and Sersic ("SER") profiles. The sixth morphological type is "DUP," which is set for Gaia sources that are coincident with, and so have been fit by, an extended source. No optical flux is assigned to "DUP" sources, but they are retained to ensure that all Gaia sources appear in the catalogs even if Tractor preferred and fit a different source based on the deeper Legacy Surveys imaging. The total numbers of the different morphological types in DR10 are:

Primary objects, here, specifically refers to sources for which BRICK_PRIMARY==True (the totals are derived from the total number counts in the survey bricks summary file). See DR9 for source counts in the northern footprint of the Legacy Surveys.

The decision to retain an object in the catalog and to re-classify it using models more complicated than a point source is made using the penalized changes to χ² in the image after subtracting the models for other sources. Here, the χ² value is calculated as a sum across all optical bands (i.e. \(g\), \(r\), \(i\) and \(z\) for DR10). The "PSF" and "REX" models are computed for every source and the better of these two is used when deciding whether to keep the source. A source is retained if its penalized χ² is improved by 25; this corresponds to a χ² difference of 27 (because of the penalty of 2 for the source centroid). Sources below this threshold are removed.

The source is classified as the better of "point source (PSF)" or "round exponential galaxy (REX)" unless the penalized χ² is improved by 9 (i.e., approximately a 3σ improvement) by treating it as a deVaucouleurs or exponential profile. The classification becomes a Sersic profile if it is both a better fit to a single profile over the point source, and improves the penalized χ² by another 9. These choices implicitly mean that any extended source classifications have to be at least 5.8σ detections and that Sersic profiles must be at least 6.5σ detections.

The fluxes are not constrained to be positive-valued. This allows the fitting of very low signal-to-noise sources without introducing biases at the faint end. It also allows the stacking of fluxes at the catalog level.

Tractor Implementation Details

Tractor fundamentally treats the fitting as a χ² minimization problem. The current core routine uses the sparse least squares solver from the SciPy package, or the open source Ceres solver, originally developed by Google.

The galaxy profiles (the exponential and deVaucouleurs profiles mentioned above under Morphological Classification) are approximated with mixture-of-Gaussians (MoG) models and are convolved by the pixelized PSF models using a new Fourier-space method (Lang 2020). The galaxy profile approximation introduces errors in these models typically at the level of \(10^{-4}\) or smaller. The PSF models are treated as pixel-convolved quantities, and are evaluated at the integral pixel coordinates without integrating any functions over the pixels.

The Tractor algorithm could be run with both the source parameters and the calibration parameters allowed to float, at the cost of more compute time and the necessity to use much larger blobs because of the non-locality of the calibrations. A more practical approach would be to iterate between fitting source parameters in brick space, and fitting calibration parameters in exposure space.

Photometry

The flux calibration for BASS, MzLS and DECaLS are on the AB natural system of the 90Prime, Mosaic-3 and DECam instruments, respectively. An AB system reports the same flux in any band for a source whose spectrum is constant in units of erg/s/cm²/Hz. A source with a spectrum of \(f = 10^{-(48.6+22.5)/2.5}\) erg/s/cm²/Hz would be reported to have an integrated flux of 1 nanomaggie in any filter. The natural system implies that no color terms have been applied to any of the photometry, meaning that fluxes are reported as observed in the 90Prime, Mosaic-3 and DECam filter systems.

Zero point magnitudes for the Community Pipeline reductions of the 90Prime, Mosaic-3 and DECam images were computed by comparing Legacy Survey PSF photometry to Pan-STARRS1 (PS1) PSF photometry, where the latter was modified with color terms to place the PS1 photometry on the 90Prime, Mosaic-3 or DECam system. The same color terms are applied to all CCDs. Zero points are computed separately for each CCD, but not for each amplifier. The average color terms to convert from PS1 to 90Prime, Mosaic-3 and DECam were computed for stars in the color range \(0.4 < (g-i) < 2.7\) as follows:

Note that the DECam zero points have been significantly updated since DR5 and the 90Prime and Mosaic-3 zero points have been significantly updated since DR6. We included transformations for \(i\hbox{-}\mathrm{band}\) and \(Y\hbox{-}\mathrm{band}\) starting with DR10, although we have yet to release any \(Y\hbox{-}\mathrm{band}\) observations. Functions to perform the conversions are available in the legacypipe code and the actual external PS1 catalogs we used are available at NERSC.

The brightnesses of objects are all stored as linear fluxes in units of nanomaggies. The conversion from linear fluxes to magnitudes is \(m = 22.5 - 2.5 \log_{10}(\mathrm{flux})\). These linear fluxes are well-defined even at the faint end, and the errors on the linear fluxes should be very close to a normal distribution. The fluxes can be negative for faint objects, and indeed we expect many such cases for the faintest objects.

The filter curves are available for BASS g-band, BASS r-band, MzLS z-band, MzLS z-band with corrections, DECam g-band, DECam r-band, DECam i-band and DECam z-band. The curves "with corrections" include terms to correct for the telescope, corrector, camera and atmosphere.

Starting with DR6, PSF photometry uses the same PSF models (and sky background subtraction) for zeropoint-fitting as is later used in cataloging. So, for DR10 the measured fluxes for PS1 stars should be completely self-consistent.

The WISE Level 1 images and the unWISE image stacks are on a Vega system. We have converted these to an AB system using the recommended conversions by the WISE team. Namely, \(\mathrm{Flux}_{\mathrm{AB}} = \mathrm{Flux}_{\mathrm{Vega}} \times 10^{-(\Delta m/2.5)}\) where \(\Delta m\) = 2.699, 3.339, 5.174, and 6.620 mag in the W1, W2, W3 and W4 bands. For example, a WISE W1 image should be multiplied by \(10^{-2.699/2.5} = 0.083253\) to give units consistent with the Tractor catalogs. These conversion factors are recorded in the Tractor catalog headers ("WISEAB1", etc). The result is that the optical and WISE fluxes we provide should all be within a few percent of being on an AB system.

Galactic Extinction

The most recent values of the Galactic extinction coefficients are available on the catalogs page.

Astrometry

Starting with DR8, astrometry is tied entirely to Gaia Data Release 2. Each image is calibrated to Gaia Data Release 2, yielding an astrometric solution that is offset by the average difference between the position of Gaia stars at an epoch of 2015.0 and the epoch of the DR10 image. Source extraction is then fixed to the Gaia Data Release 2 system, such that positions of sources are tied to predicted Gaia positions at the epoch of the corresponding Legacy Surveys observation. Astrometric residuals are typically smaller than ±0.03″.

Astrometric calibration of all optical Legacy Surveys data is conducted using Gaia astrometric positions of stars matched to Pan-STARRS1 (PS1). The same matched objects are used for both astrometric and photometric calibration. The actual external PS1 and Gaia DR2 catalogs we used are available at NERSC.

Image Stacks

The image stacks (that are detailed on the files page) are provided for convenience, but were not used in the Tractor fits. These images overlap adjacent images by approximately 130 pixels in each direction. These are tangent projections centered at each brick center, North up, with dimensions of 3600 × 3600 and a scale of 0.262″/pix for the \(g,r,i,z\) data and 2.75″/pix for the WISE data. The image stacks are computed using Lanczos-3 interpolation. They have not been designed for "precision" work, although they should be sufficient for many use cases.

Depths

The histograms below depict the median 5σ point source (AB) depths for areas with different numbers of DECam observations in DR10:

These can be compared to similar plots for the northern Legacy Surveys (BASS and MzLS) from DR9:

These plots are based upon the formal errors in the Tractor catalogs for point sources. The predicted proposed Legacy Surveys depths for 2 observations at 1.5″ seeing were \(g=24.7\), \(r=23.9\), \(z=23.0\).

Code Versions

• LegacyPipe: A range of versions; DR10.0.0, DR10.0.1, DR10.0.2, DR10.0.3, DR10.0.4, DR10.0.5, DR10.0.10 and DR10.0.12. The version used is documented in the Tractor header card LEGPIPEV.

• Astrometry.net: 0.90-8-g575ad17b

• Tractor: dr10.1

• NOIRLab Community Pipeline: A mixture of versions; recorded in the survey-ccds-* files as plver.

• SourceExtractor: 2.25.3

• PSFEx: 3.23.0

• Astropy: 5.0.4

• fitsio: 1.1.6

• Matplotlib: 3.5.2

• mkl_fft: 1.3.1

• NumPy: 1.21.2

• photutils: 1.4.0

• SciPy: 1.6.3

• unwise_psf: dr10.0

Glossary

BASS

Beijing-Arizona Sky Survey.

BLISS+

Blanco Imaging of the Southern Sky Survey.

Blob

Continguous region of pixels above a detection threshold and neighboring pixels; Tractor is optimized within blobs.

Brick

A region bounded by lines of constant RA and DEC; reductions are performed within bricks of size approximately 0.25° × 0.25°.

CP

Community Pipeline (reduction pipeline operated by NOIRLab).

DECaLS

Dark Energy Camera Legacy Survey.

DeROSITAS

DECam eROSITA Survey.

DR3

DESI Legacy Surveys Imaging Data Release 3.

DR4

DESI Legacy Surveys Imaging Data Release 4.

DR5

DESI Legacy Surveys Imaging Data Release 5.

DR6

DESI Legacy Surveys Imaging Data Release 6.

DR7

DESI Legacy Surveys Imaging Data Release 7.

DR8

DESI Legacy Surveys Imaging Data Release 8.

DR9

DESI Legacy Surveys Imaging Data Release 9.

DECam

Dark Energy Camera on the Blanco 4-meter telescope.

maggie

Linear flux units, where an object with an AB magnitude of 0 has a flux of 1.0 maggie. A convenient unit is the nanomaggie: a flux of 1 nanomaggie corresponds to an AB magnitude of 22.5.

MoG

Mixture-of-Gaussians to approximate galaxy models.

MzLS

Mayall z-band Legacy Survey.

NOIRLab

The NSF's National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory.

nanomaggie

Linear flux units, where an object with an AB magnitude of 22.5 has a flux of \(1 \times 10^{-9}\) maggie or 1.0 nanomaggie.

PSF

Point spread function.

PSFEx

Emmanuel Bertin's PSF fitting code.

SDSS

Sloan Digital Sky Survey.

SDSS DR12

Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 12.

SDSS DR13

Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 13.

SED

Spectral energy distribution.

SGA

Siena Galaxy Atlas.

SourceExtractor

Source Extractor reduction code.

SFD98

Schlegel, Finkbeiner & Davis 1998 extinction maps.

Tractor

Dustin Lang's inference code.

unWISE

New coadds of the WISE imaging, at original full resolution.

WISE

Wide Infrared Survey Explorer.

Footnotes